What is the masticatory system?

Out of many functional systems that exist in a human body, the masticatory system controls the process of chewing, swallowing and speaking. Broadly speaking, it comprises the jaw, teeth, temporomandibular joints, lips, cheeks and masticatory muscles.

Mastication, which is known as chewing in layman terms, is the process of breaking down the food particles into smaller pieces which makes it easier for the enzymes to act on them. This enzyme further causes the chemical breakdown of the food. The chewed food is turned into a bolus after mixing with saliva, which makes swallowing easier. It is a vital automatic movement that ensures that the body can easily digest the consumed food to generate energy.

Parts of the Masticatory System

The masticatory system can be divided into three broad categories, each with a separate function.

• The teeth – Humans have a set of 32 permanent teeth. These are made up of enamel which is the covering of the crown, cementum which comprises the roots, the inner layer of dentin and the pulp which has all the nerves and blood vessels. Teeth perform the main task of tearing the food particles into smaller pieces.
• Periodontium – It comprises the gums or gingivae, jawbone and a cushiony periodontal membrane. The function performed by periodontium is holding the teeth in place to ensure easy chewing.
• Articulatory system – This comprises the muscles of mastication, temporomandibular joints and occlusion. The masticatory muscles include masseter, temporalis, medial and lateral pterygoid. These muscles control the movement while the TMJ makes it possible for chewing to occur. Occlusion or how the teeth are arranged concerning each other is responsible for the grinding of food.

Role of the Masticatory System

This system aids in the first step of digestion. In the absence of this process, the food will have to be swallowed as a whole which would make the process of digestion or complete breakdown of food extremely difficult.

It is also relevant in the field of prosthodontics. The dental restorations are designed as per the chewing habits of the individual. This ensures that they can chew properly even after restoration.

The process of mastication is rhythmic. The opening and closing of the jaw make chewing possible. The lower brainstem regulates this rhythmic movement. The process can be fastened, slowed or even stopped voluntarily.

Disorders of the Masticatory System

Some of the major physiological problems associated with the masticatory system include-

• Limited ability to open the mouth
• Facial or ear pain
• Headaches
• Jaw joint noises
• Pain in jaw joints
• Pain in muscles of mastication

The masticatory system is thus a crucial part of the body that ensures that the food is easily digested by converting it to a smaller, more soluble form. This system has to function effectively to ensure the oral and overall well being of an individual. In conclusion, ensure to consult a trusted general dentist or orthodontist to avail suitable treatment for such conditions.

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